A chemical modification adding an acetyl group to a peptide N-terminus, improving metabolic stability and resistance to aminopeptidase degradation.
Amino Acid
The fundamental building blocks of peptides. There are 20 standard proteinogenic amino acids encoded by the human genome.
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature. Critical for wound healing. BPC-157 has been studied for angiogenic modulation.
AOD-9604
A synthetic fragment of human growth hormone investigated for fat metabolism effects without growth-promoting effects of full-length GH.
B
BDNF
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor supporting neuronal survival and cognitive function. Semax and Selank have been studied for BDNF modulation.
Bioavailability
The fraction of an administered dose reaching systemic circulation. Oral bioavailability of peptides is generally low due to GI enzymatic degradation.
Blood-Brain Barrier
A selective membrane restricting passage of most peptides from blood into the brain. Intranasal administration is explored as a bypass route.
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound-157 — a synthetic pentadecapeptide from human gastric juice, studied for tissue healing and angiogenesis.
D
DSIP
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide — a nonapeptide originally isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood, studied for sleep regulation and neuroendocrine function.
Dose-Response Relationship
The relationship between dose and magnitude of biological effect. Many peptides show non-linear or biphasic response patterns.
E
Endogenous
Originating from within an organism, as opposed to synthetic or exogenous compounds introduced externally.
Epithalon
A synthetic tetrapeptide from the pineal gland, studied in Russian research for telomerase activation, circadian regulation, and aging.
G
GLP-1
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 — an incretin hormone stimulating insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, and promoting satiety. Major target for diabetes drugs.
Growth Hormone Secretagogue
Compounds stimulating GH release from the pituitary via the ghrelin receptor.
H
Half-Life
The time for compound plasma concentration to decrease by 50%. Most unmodified peptides have short half-lives due to enzymatic degradation.
Homeostasis
The tendency of biological systems to maintain stable internal conditions through feedback loops.
I
IGF-1
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 — a peptide hormone mediating growth hormone anabolic effects including muscle protein synthesis.
In Vitro
Experiments conducted outside a living organism. Results do not always translate to in vivo settings.
In Vivo
Experiments conducted within a living organism, providing more physiologically relevant data.
M
Mechanism of Action
The specific biochemical interaction through which a compound produces its pharmacological effect.
Melanotan II
A synthetic cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist studied for skin pigmentation, appetite regulation, and sexual function.
Metabolic Stability
A compound's resistance to enzymatic degradation. Improved via D-amino acid substitution, cyclization, or PEGylation.
N
Neuropeptide
A peptide functioning as neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, playing critical roles in pain, stress, mood, and cognition.
Nootropic
A substance potentially improving cognitive function. Semax and Selank have been studied for nootropic properties.
P
Peptide
A short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, generally fewer than 50 amino acids, functioning as hormones and signaling molecules.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of how the body processes a drug over time — Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.
Preclinical Research
Investigation prior to human trials using cell studies and animal models to establish biological activity.
R
Randomized Controlled Trial
The gold standard of clinical research with random assignment to treatment or control conditions.
Retatrutide
A triple receptor agonist targeting GLP-1R, GIPR, and GCGR simultaneously, under Phase 3 clinical investigation.
S
Semaglutide
A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist with ~1-week half-life. Marketed as Ozempic, Wegovy, and Rybelsus.
Semax
A synthetic heptapeptide nootropic registered in Russia for stroke recovery and cognitive impairment.
Selank
A synthetic heptapeptide anxiolytic approved in Russia for generalized anxiety disorder.
T
Telomere
Repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome ends that progressively shorten with cell division. A molecular marker of cellular aging.
Telomerase
An enzyme adding telomeric sequences to chromosome ends. Epithalon is studied for potential telomerase activation.
Thymosin Beta-4
A 43-amino acid actin-sequestering peptide studied for wound healing, cardiac repair, and tissue regeneration.
Tirzepatide
A dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist approved as Mounjaro and Zepbound, demonstrating up to 22.5% weight reduction.
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